My Son the Fanatic

My son the fanatic The generation gap is a dilemma which frequently occurs among immigrants, and in his short story My son the fanatic, Hanif Kureishi brings up the issue concerned. Kureishi introduces us to a father, who’s alarmed and puzzled by his sons’ strange behavior, which proves out to be against his own values. During this, Kureishi touches on the topics fanaticism and religion, and how these can change ones behavior towards ones family. Kureishi also focuses on how people relate to their roots.The main character in the story is Parvez, who’s a good example of an immigrant being well-integrated. He emigrated from Pakistan, where he was taught the Koran. He underwent indignity during this, and subsequently he avoided all religion; he even prefers jokes to rules. Even though he has a wife and a son, he spends most of his time â€Å"living a boy’s life† with his fellow taxi drivers; playing card and avoiding their wives. The narration of the s tory is 3rd person narrative and is therefore limited, but we see the conflict from Parvez’s point of view, which engenders surprises. Parvez sprang across the hall and set his ear at Ali’s door. A muttering sound came from within (†¦) The boy was praying. †(l. 130-134) Besides eating bacon and playing cards, another example of Parvez not being very Muslim is that he knows a prostitute, Bettina. Together they have deep talks; something Parvez wasn’t able to have with his own wife. It is also Bettina who helps Parvez figuring out what’s going on with his son, f. ex. â€Å"He knew what to look for: Bettina had drawn pictures†(l. 103-104) and â€Å"Reluctantly he and Bettina had abandoned their only explanation†(l. 18-119) â€Å"Surreptitiously, the father began going into his son’s bedroom†(l. 1). As early as the first line, the story pictures a father (Parvez) who struggles with something. Ali, the son of Parvez, acts differently and queerly, and his new tidy conduct scares Parvez who â€Å"was aware that he had become slightly afraid of his son, who, between his silences was developing a sharp tongue† (l. 15-17) Ali has also become very obscure and mystical, and an example of a cryptic remark of Ali is â€Å"There are more important things to be done† (l. 9) The teenage son Ali is going through a huge change. Formerly, he was well-integrated like his father, and they understood each other. As Parvez said: â€Å"we were brothers! † (l. 56) But at some point Ali decided to distance himself from the British/western world; he threw out his material goods and dissociate himself from his old friends and girlfriend. Among other things, computer disks and videotape are mentioned as Alis discarded things, and this indicates that the story takes place in our time.Furthermore, the setting is placed among the lower part of the middle-class, since Parvez is a taxi-driver, and they are i mmigrants. Furthermore, the relationship between Parvez and his son is slightly crumbling, especially when Parvez finds out that his son has chosen the opposite view of life than himself; Ali has become very religious, and Parvez is puzzled and concerned and doesn’t know how to deal with this. â€Å"But he’s growing a beard†(l. 115) is the first sign Parvez intercepts and exclaims to Bettina.Henceforth, the conflict whether it's wrong or right to blame ones son for becoming religious blossoms. Additionally, the relationship between the two of them worsens; Ali returns his fathers long and curious looks with â€Å"a hint of criticism, of reproach† (l. 111-112) and Ali acts â€Å"as if he hated his father† (l. 194) â€Å"’Don’t you know it’s wrong to drink alcohol? ’ Ali said† (l. 177). One of the most important passages is the restaurant scene with Parvez and Ali, because until this scene, we have only been followi ng Parvezs angle of the matter.Ali have been very introvert, but at this point we have Ali’s interior thoughts revealed; Ali blames his father for being â€Å"too implicated in Western civilization†(l. 218) and for having broken the rules of the Koran, which he means should be followed to the letter, for â€Å"the reward will be in Paradise†(l. 238). To this statement, Parvez feels puzzled and exasperated. But when Ali announces that he’s giving up his study, and especially after Ali have shown disrespect towards Bettina (which you can interpret as Ali insulting Parvezs lifestyle), Parvez can’t handle the problem anymore.Thus the short story ends up in a climax; Parvez beats Ali up while he’s praying, whereupon Ali says: â€Å"So who’s the fanatic now†(l. 392) â€Å"Parvez had been telling Bettina that he thought people in the West sometimes felt inwardly empty and needed a philosophy to live by†(l. 310). This could be o ne of reasons why the emerging problem between Parvez and Ali arises. The struggle is basically caused by the generation gap, which leads us to the central conflict; the two of them simply don’t understand each other.Especially Parvez doesn’t get his son’s sudden change in values, and doesn’t understand why Ali rejects the Western world, simply because it’s not compatible with the Muslim way of life. The development of the relationship between Ali and Parvez is the main focus, and with integration as a theme, Kureishi deliberates and construes â€Å"the gap generation†. Where the older generation has lived out their dream of freedom, the younger generation grows up with much wider opportunities in life and all this freedom makes them search for guidelines.They might have experienced the more unpleasant and cruel side of the Western culture, seeing that they have been different to their surroundings, growing up. That is why some of them find that religion binds 2nd generation immigrants together. Touching on this, Kureishs sets forth his view on religion as a selected/rejected thing, which in cases can lead to the stage of fanaticism; both for the religious ones, who we are easy to claim fanatic. But Kureish also portrays the more neglected ones; those, who so hardly fight against religion and refuse their background. Because they have a special opinion on how life should be lived, too. My Son the Fanatic My Son the Fanatic My Son the Fanatic is a short story about a worried dad, Parvez. From his perspective we get to read how his son, Ali, is suddenly changing his view on life and with that, also turning upside down his father’s life. A theme of the story could be: ‘teenager creating his own identity’. That is what Ali is doing by breaking out of the world in which he was raised by his parents. Ali wants to take the opposite direction of his dad, to avoid ending up like him; this could be an important reason for Ali suddenly becoming a Muslim.Another possible theme would be: ‘rebelling against parents’. The story is told in third person singular by an implicit teller who is aware of Parvez’ thoughts and how he is feeling. There are only three relevant characters in the story: Parvez the father, Ali the son and Bettina, who is a street prostitute and a friend of Parvez. Parvez is a taxi driver living in England with his family. Even though he wa s raised in Lahore and taught to be a Muslim, he tries to fit in with society as good as possible.As a child, Parvez had bad experiences learning the Koran, which is probably what causes his anti-religious behaviour (p. 197 l. 21 and 197 l. 38-40). That is also why Parvez has difficulties trying to understand his son, when he finds him praying five times a day. He feels he has lost his son (p. 199 l. 22), and gets so angry that he can’t control himself in some situations. However, throughout the story we get the impression that he is a good father, really trying to live with the way his son has changed.For instance, on page 196 lines 23 – 27, Parvez takes a night off to go out with his son and tell him about his family in Pakistan. Parvez’ good intentions aside; him having a drinking problem combined with the sharp tongue Ali has developed are two things that are not making it easy for Parvez to keep his temper. Throughout the story, Parvez talks to Bettina abou t the problem, sounding very insecure and worried. E. g. on page 194 lines 13 – 16: â€Å"I can’t understand it! ’ †¦ We were not father and son – we were brothers!Where has he gone? Why is he torturing me! † This makes the reader feel sympathetic towards him until page 202 lines 1-4, where he kicks and beats his son several times. We know very little about how Ali was as a person before he changed. We know from his dad that he was messy, playing guitar, had English friends and an English girlfriend. Despite Ali being raised in a regular English way and being a teenager, because of his religious change, he has become more responsible, quiet and serious.Living by the rules of the Koran, Ali is now behaving as a missionary towards his father. One reason for Ali’s sudden religious behaviour could be that he seeks his spiritual side. Maybe he wants some answers about life and death that science can't give him. Ali could also be so afraid an d disgusted by the idea of ending up like his father, a taxi driver with a drinking-problem, that he now does everything he can to prevent that from happening. The ending makes the reader uncertain of where his or her sympathy lies.I was on Parvez’ side throughout the story, disliking how Ali didn’t involve his family in his sudden new life-style. But, on page 202 lines 1-4, Parvez beats his son, and Ali says on page 202 line 6: â€Å"So who’s the fanatic now? †. Ali saying this makes the reader realise that Parvez actually has been very obsessed with his son’s religious behaviour, thinking about it constantly. This is a turning point in the story, since it becomes clear that Parvez is the one becoming fanatically angry time after time, while Ali is the more reasonable one, after his change of beliefs.To conclude, this story is about a worried father whose teenage son is suddenly turning religiously active. The teenager is able to identify himself with neither his father nor the society he is living in. Therefore he seeks answers to fill a hole inside of him. Answers, that science cannot provide. The father is having a hard time accepting that, not realising that with his aggressive response to his son’s changes, he actually turns into a fanatic himself, constantly watching his son and obsessing about his behaviour. Savanna K2 My Son the Fanatic My son the fanatic The generation gap is a dilemma which frequently occurs among immigrants, and in his short story My son the fanatic, Hanif Kureishi brings up the issue concerned. Kureishi introduces us to a father, who’s alarmed and puzzled by his sons’ strange behavior, which proves out to be against his own values. During this, Kureishi touches on the topics fanaticism and religion, and how these can change ones behavior towards ones family. Kureishi also focuses on how people relate to their roots.The main character in the story is Parvez, who’s a good example of an immigrant being well-integrated. He emigrated from Pakistan, where he was taught the Koran. He underwent indignity during this, and subsequently he avoided all religion; he even prefers jokes to rules. Even though he has a wife and a son, he spends most of his time â€Å"living a boy’s life† with his fellow taxi drivers; playing card and avoiding their wives. The narration of the s tory is 3rd person narrative and is therefore limited, but we see the conflict from Parvez’s point of view, which engenders surprises. Parvez sprang across the hall and set his ear at Ali’s door. A muttering sound came from within (†¦) The boy was praying. †(l. 130-134) Besides eating bacon and playing cards, another example of Parvez not being very Muslim is that he knows a prostitute, Bettina. Together they have deep talks; something Parvez wasn’t able to have with his own wife. It is also Bettina who helps Parvez figuring out what’s going on with his son, f. ex. â€Å"He knew what to look for: Bettina had drawn pictures†(l. 103-104) and â€Å"Reluctantly he and Bettina had abandoned their only explanation†(l. 18-119) â€Å"Surreptitiously, the father began going into his son’s bedroom†(l. 1). As early as the first line, the story pictures a father (Parvez) who struggles with something. Ali, the son of Parvez, acts differently and queerly, and his new tidy conduct scares Parvez who â€Å"was aware that he had become slightly afraid of his son, who, between his silences was developing a sharp tongue† (l. 15-17) Ali has also become very obscure and mystical, and an example of a cryptic remark of Ali is â€Å"There are more important things to be done† (l. 9) The teenage son Ali is going through a huge change. Formerly, he was well-integrated like his father, and they understood each other. As Parvez said: â€Å"we were brothers! † (l. 56) But at some point Ali decided to distance himself from the British/western world; he threw out his material goods and dissociate himself from his old friends and girlfriend. Among other things, computer disks and videotape are mentioned as Alis discarded things, and this indicates that the story takes place in our time.Furthermore, the setting is placed among the lower part of the middle-class, since Parvez is a taxi-driver, and they are i mmigrants. Furthermore, the relationship between Parvez and his son is slightly crumbling, especially when Parvez finds out that his son has chosen the opposite view of life than himself; Ali has become very religious, and Parvez is puzzled and concerned and doesn’t know how to deal with this. â€Å"But he’s growing a beard†(l. 115) is the first sign Parvez intercepts and exclaims to Bettina.Henceforth, the conflict whether it's wrong or right to blame ones son for becoming religious blossoms. Additionally, the relationship between the two of them worsens; Ali returns his fathers long and curious looks with â€Å"a hint of criticism, of reproach† (l. 111-112) and Ali acts â€Å"as if he hated his father† (l. 194) â€Å"’Don’t you know it’s wrong to drink alcohol? ’ Ali said† (l. 177). One of the most important passages is the restaurant scene with Parvez and Ali, because until this scene, we have only been followi ng Parvezs angle of the matter.Ali have been very introvert, but at this point we have Ali’s interior thoughts revealed; Ali blames his father for being â€Å"too implicated in Western civilization†(l. 218) and for having broken the rules of the Koran, which he means should be followed to the letter, for â€Å"the reward will be in Paradise†(l. 238). To this statement, Parvez feels puzzled and exasperated. But when Ali announces that he’s giving up his study, and especially after Ali have shown disrespect towards Bettina (which you can interpret as Ali insulting Parvezs lifestyle), Parvez can’t handle the problem anymore.Thus the short story ends up in a climax; Parvez beats Ali up while he’s praying, whereupon Ali says: â€Å"So who’s the fanatic now†(l. 392) â€Å"Parvez had been telling Bettina that he thought people in the West sometimes felt inwardly empty and needed a philosophy to live by†(l. 310). This could be o ne of reasons why the emerging problem between Parvez and Ali arises. The struggle is basically caused by the generation gap, which leads us to the central conflict; the two of them simply don’t understand each other.Especially Parvez doesn’t get his son’s sudden change in values, and doesn’t understand why Ali rejects the Western world, simply because it’s not compatible with the Muslim way of life. The development of the relationship between Ali and Parvez is the main focus, and with integration as a theme, Kureishi deliberates and construes â€Å"the gap generation†. Where the older generation has lived out their dream of freedom, the younger generation grows up with much wider opportunities in life and all this freedom makes them search for guidelines.They might have experienced the more unpleasant and cruel side of the Western culture, seeing that they have been different to their surroundings, growing up. That is why some of them find that religion binds 2nd generation immigrants together. Touching on this, Kureishs sets forth his view on religion as a selected/rejected thing, which in cases can lead to the stage of fanaticism; both for the religious ones, who we are easy to claim fanatic. But Kureish also portrays the more neglected ones; those, who so hardly fight against religion and refuse their background. Because they have a special opinion on how life should be lived, too.

Marketing A New Product Essay

CheapTees, Inc. is a small manufacturing concern committed to the production of quality t-shirts at reasonable prices.   Part of the marketing strategy is to enter the Christmas giveaways segment of the market by offering products to firms needing quality items, which are to be given away to treasured customers and colleagues or partners. As the recipients of the gifts are considered very important from the firm’s viewpoint, it is essential that the product offered be of superior quality but at an affordable price.   According to website of BigStitches.com, the prospects for the garment industry seem very bright, as in 2002, when there was a registered increase of 16% in nationwide apparel sales over the previous year. Statement of Need The company is aware that many firms need to give Christmas gifts to its precious clients and colleagues during this most joyful season, and as such, it is the goal of this company to focus on its new product, a t-shirt called CheepTees. On the average, a medium-sized firm spends around USD10, 000 in Christmas gifts alone.   The company hopes to service this need to save firms from the usual headache and discomfort in terms of shopping for these gifts and going to the process of wrapping them before giving them away. Demographics Demographics are the characteristics of work group, organization, specific market or national populations, such as individuals between the ages of 18 and 25. For this particular product, demographics play an important role in marketing and advertising (McConnon, 2006). Statistics related to lifestyle habits, education and health are important in marketing this product and just as important in trying to market this product to a specific generation, like for instance, the youth. Thus, it is important that the specific target group be spelled out clearly as well as the geographic marketing area to which they belong. There is a need to get the best data, so the latest and most recent ones must be consulted in order to make a proper marketing strategy (Social/Economic/Demographic Statistics for Marketing). Marketing Marketing people can work their way through these websites and get a good glimpse of competitors. Since there is a proliferation of T-shirts in the market, this product must have a unique quality all its own. For instance, the designs will be handmade and made according to the client’s specifications. The company shall also look into some marketing upgrade. The company will focus strictly on messages that tell customers clearly about the products and services and how customers can benefit from using them. The company shall concentrate its advertising on specific feature/benefit premise. The company shall take the unique feature that it is handpainted with the customers’ personal taste in design. Selling Methods and Channels As the customers change, so have the ways companies get their attention. Customers are unique individuals and the company knows how to target and spend only on media that will reach potential prospects. The company will use smart advertising where it shall carefully craft marketing messages for individual customer types, speaking of the features and benefits in terms that each customer profile would appreciate. Direct mail works, but so do other focused methods like telemarketing. Customers demand convenience, price, access and selection. That is why, the company will also venture into Internet marketing in the future.

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Family Law - Essay Example Even though the siblings do not stay in the same house, they must be allowed access to each other and more importantly must be aware of the fact that they have a half sibling. In this case, the boy’s mother does not have any right to keep the fact away from the boy. Also, according to the law half sibling has a right to Visitation and hence the girl has the right to have access to her brother. The boy’s mother cannot ignore the fact that they are half siblings and cannot make the decision for the boy even though he is under her custody. According to law in most jurisdictions, the view of the parent is of not much importance as compared to the interest of both the siblings involved. What is best to the siblings is what matters and hence, the girl in all right must get access to her half brother. As the half siblings will benefit from building a strong relationship by constant visitation, then non-biological parents are required to support and participate in such a visitation. A more serious issue in this case is not the visitation but the boy’s mother’s intention to not tell the boy about his half sister. Such a decision, can turn out be critical in the future for both the half siblings. There are numerous negative effects of half siblings not knowing about each other. Even if they do not have access to each other, they must be aware of the fact that they have a half sibling. There has been a recent incident that shows the negative effect of such secrecy. A couple have discovered that they are half brother and sister after they fell in love and have a child (Hanley, 2011). This is very dangerous and could have been avoided if the couple knew about their relation earlier. Also it is illegal for half siblings to enter the institution of marriage. Hanley, V. (2010). Couple discover they are siblings: Child courts blamed after strangers fall in love, have a son - and then find out they are half-brother and sister.

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example Based on this analysis, the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are determined. The next step in business strategy is to make a customer analysis. This would reveal the changes and tastes and preferences of customers. It would also reveal the changing demographics which would consequently determine the company’s strategies. It would also reveal the customer’s perceptions regarding the services of the company. The customer analysis would determine the price strategies for the company. The competitive analysis would provide insight into the competitors’ weaknesses and strengths. Firms practicing an advanced and systematic competitive profiling remain at an advantage of knowing the competitor’s background, products, finances, facilities, products, markets and strategies. This would give an idea of the expected moves that the competitors would take. Based on this, the company would design its own strategies to have an extra edge o ver its customers. An internal analysis makes an analysis of the internal environment for the formulation of appropriate strategies. In this regard, the value chain analysis gives highlights on the main and the supportive activities which would add value to the company. The resource based view analyses the competencies and resources of the firm. The firm’s performance would depend on the distinctive capabilities. The company must also make a thorough analysis of its financial position. This allows proper management and reduction of costs associated. It is seen that the operating costs of British Airlines have increased steadily with the rise in fuel prices (BBC News-a, 2011). Financial assessments would also allow the company to undertake other cost cutting strategies like employee downsizing, compensation structure of employees, or other operations costs. The financial position would determine whether the company would be to withstand sudden shocks and the measures to be tak en during such times. Answer to question 2: The British Airways considers the importance of working closely with stakeholders. It is important to make the stakeholder’s analysis to ensure their interests are met. More so because the organisation’ policies and actions affect the people who have direct stake in the company. It is also important that they provide their views, opinions and suggestions which would allow giving shape to the organisation fight from the stage of infancy. The existence of powerful stakeholders provides support for the company. This allows greater possibility of attainment of success for the company. The first step in stakeholder’s analysis would be to identify the key stakeholders as well as the business interest associated with them. For example, the British Airways’ approach towards the implementation of corporate social responsibility is influenced by the fact that the airline generates major economic and social benefits. At th e same time it also has significant environmental impacts and on the communities surrounding the airport (CBI, 2006, p.1). Following this, the company would

Alexander the Great Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alexander the Great - Essay Example Alexander the great became King of the Macedon after the death of a father, Philip II at the age of 20. Alexander engaged in a journey of the conquest of around 11 years and fought more than 70 battles. Alexander the great had able to conquer the half of the world from India to Egypt in 32 years. Alexander created an empire which was so vast that it covered two million square miles and it stretched across the three continents. The integration of dream and great achievement distinguished Alexander as one of the greatest leaders of all-time. During the 12 years of the campaign, Alexander had defeated armies that were five times of own army, leading own armies of Macedonians in freezing weather and across deserts. Alexander faced tremendous hardships to unite and bring together the known world under a one single common unified vision. The main success of Alexander the great as a leader was the ability and passion for inspiring and encouraging all the men to think great things to think big and later achieve them with great commitment, passion, and enthusiasm. Alexander’s main motive and the dream was to unite Asia and Europe. Alexander called unity of Europe and Asia as â€Å"The Brotherhood of Man†. According to Alexander, brotherhood would help to unite and bring together the different culture of different societies into one unit which would be governed by the spread of Hellenism. Alexander’s dream of brotherhood was attained at different aspects (Fox 82). Even after the empire of Alexander the great Greek was a common language. ... Alexander called unite of Europe and Asia as â€Å"The Brotherhood of Man†. According to Alexander, brotherhood would help to unite and bring together different culture of different societies in to one unit which would be governed by spread of Hellenism. Alexander’s dream of brotherhood was attained at different aspects (Fox 82). Even after the empire of Alexander the great Greek was a common language. Due to the fact gospels were written in Greek it helped to reach large audience as it helped them to understand. The Alexander the great and the visionary leadership style is the classic combination of leaderships which is taught nowadays in military and business schools. Research done on the visionary leadership style of Alexander and it clearly shows that leadership style used by Alexander helps to communicate extensively with the people and resonate with their feelings and hearts. The strong case on business for the visionary style of leadership can be done by noticing at the pride in organization, retention of employees and shared sense of purpose and goals. Ronald Reagan’s speech of â€Å"Berlin Wall† and Martin Luther King’s speech on â€Å"I Have a Dream† are various examples of visionary leadership style which is same as Alexander the great. Visionary leaders used to have a clear picture on their minds and are able to go inside into the dreams and hopes of the people and would help to create destination. Creating destination among the people not only helps people to inspire but also would help them to challenge to be better (Martin and Blackwell 186). The effective visionary leadership strategy used by Alexander would help to stretch people’s gullibility just at the right moment of time. Felling the

The Positive Benefits and Negative Drawbacks of the Dawn of the Facebo Assignment

The Positive Benefits and Negative Drawbacks of the Dawn of the Facebook and Twitter Era - Assignment Example As such, this brief analysis will make a short inventory of but a few of the most relevant positive and negative attributes that these forms of social networking engender. There has doubtless been an overall decrease in actual inter-personal networking skills as people are more and more prone to spending massive amounts of time online; interfacing with virtual friends, playing mindless and time wasting games, reading trivial newsfeeds that detail in exhaustive form the mundane daily activities of multiple friends etc. In this way, rather than spending the evening going for a walk, eating at a cafà ©, or engaging in some form of physical activity, social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook have become the new and enhanced version of what the TV was to the generation before ours. Furthermore, the introduction of advanced mobile phone technology has greatly enhanced the ability of individuals to use these forms of social media sites at all times and in all places. Tangentially, sites such as Facebook and Twitter are closing individuals to many real-world experiences they might otherwise have if they would simply shut down the computer and step outside to interact with real people in the real world. One cannot count the number of people during lunch, while on the bus, in a metro, on vacation etc that have their eyes downcast on their mobile device while the entire world seems to pass them by. This, therefore, comes full circle from a mere time wasting issue to one of sheer and total addiction. There exist support groups and books as well as counsellors that work to help individuals with varying degrees of social networking addiction, dependence, and separation anxiety. The fact that groups that support people in letting go of their addiction in the same ways that AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) does are but part and parcel of the problem that is social networking.  Ã‚  

Team resource management in aviation industry Essay - 1

Team resource management in aviation industry - Essay Example nce, to combat that crucial situation, the industry has ventured into various concepts such as Cockpit Resource Management (CRM), Crew Resource Management (CRM) and now Team Resource Management (TRM) to enhance the safety of the aircraft and the passengers. Therefore, this project study, Team Resource Management in the Aviation Industry is proposed to identify challenges and constraints in TRM after analysing its various elements. In the aviation industry, teamwork is one of the vital factors in sustaining and enhancing the safety and effectiveness in Air travel. After the success of CRM in aviation over the past decades, TRM has emerged as an improved version for managing the available resources for the operating personnel including pilots, Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) and crew members. The study analyses the elements of the TRM concepts in aviation management. The study will also look at TRM training and its most important factors. The significance of TRM in flight management as well as its effectiveness on the flight crew members to provide safety and be less error prone will be identified. Common problems in flight management will be unveiled in the study as well as solutions to identified problems. Various air accidents and incidents will be quoted and discussed to make the focus very candid. Since TRM is considered one of the best strategies, all available resources are utilised to the optimum level c arefully and properly to accomplish the safety of the aircraft and the passengers Team Resource Management (TRM) is a  set of training procedures and techniques for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects. Used primarily for improving air safety, TRM focuses on interpersonal communication, leadership and decision making in the cockpit, in addition to other elements of human factors (SkyBrary). According to the Irish Aviation Authority, TRM is a philosophy, which helps to realise that human beings are error prone.It not only helps

Kudler Fine Foods Too Fresh to Go Product Launch Essay

Kudler Fine Foods Too Fresh to Go Product Launch - Essay Example Kudler Fine Foods is an establishment that offers a variety of fresh food products. The grocer is a specialty food store that offers bakery and pastry products, fresh produce, fresh meat and seafood, condiments and packaged food, and cheese and specialty dairy products. The company offers a variety of food products which are used in the context of gourmet cooking. There is a need for the company to offer other types of food products which are more conducive to a customer who doesn’t have the time to cook the gourmet meal. By introducing a new line of prepared fresh meals, the customer can take home the meal to eat it for dinner that night or at another point during the week. Too Fresh to Go meals will encompass the spirit of Kudler Fine Foods while providing a healthy, time-saving alternative for current customers. Too Fresh to Go will be positioned in the front of the store for convenience and will include everything a customer needs for a meal, including the appropriate pack aging should the dish need to be warmed up to serve. These meals will be balanced, low-fat, and of the highest quality. For instance, a freshly prepared chicken dish, complimented by a leaf lettuce salad and couscous is one of the offerings. These offering will range from various meat and fish dishes to vegetarian meals. This new product line can help the company achieve sales growth and profitability by leveraging the existing product base and customer target market. From a foreign perspective, Too Fresh to Go can attract customers into the store for a fresh alternative for to-go food. Kudler Fine Foods and the introduction of Too Fresh to Go is a natural extension of the gourmet grocery store’s current product offerings. Kudler will also add to a customer’s convenience factor as well as appeal to those customers who may be hesitant to shop at a gourmet store if he or she is not a gourmet cook. These meals will fill a niche in the market whereby more working families are looking for healthy alternatives throughout the week to feed their families and do not want to turn to fast food. Whereas there are a variety of food preparation companies and local delivery companies, the pricing of these products prices them out of the market for some families. By extended this product offering at the grocery store, Kudler already has their target audience that would benefit from this type of product. In addition, Kudler already offers wine tasting classes and this product offering goes hand-in-hand with the nature of excellent customer service Kudler provides. Product positioning From a positioning perspective, the launch of Too Fresh to Go will be placed in the front of the store to add convenience to shoppers who do not have the time, as one of the key concepts of Too Fresh to Go is for working families who simply do not have the time to cook a gourmet meal each night. This section will be small at first in both locations, domestic and foreign, and will fea ture samples and a customer service specialist to answer any questions, nutritional and otherwise. The packaging will be bright and vibrant, but most importantly, this packaging will be able to be placed in the

Childhood Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Childhood Obesity - Essay Example I am mentoring my kid to follow a healthy lifestyle as her parents do to avoid weight gain (Overweight and Obesity 2010). Some of the other causes for obesity among children are attributed to complex interactions between several environmental, social and policy context that impact eating habits and physical activity. In the past decades, these factors have collectively contributed to create an adverse environment that is against the environment to maintain health and weight. The unhealthy environment has evolved as a result of suburban and urban designs that do not encourage physical activities and walking. Pressure on families to reduce the cost of food and preparation time has resulted in frequent consumption of readymade food rich in fat and calories. Obesity has become a menace to the society due to less affordability and access to vegetables, fruits and nutritious food for some communities. There is less opportunity for physical activity after school and at school since students opt to reduce walking by using bikes from and to school. Children prefer to follow a sedentary lifestyle by spending time before the screen without spending leisure time outdoors. Psychosocial problems: Young people are likely to develop issues like self-blame, foster shame and have low self esteem that impairs social and academic functioning. These problems will be carried by the child to adolescence and adulthood. Approximately, sixty percent of overweight children are in the age five to ten with a minimum of one cardiovascular risk like insulin, hyper cholesterol, blood pressure or triglycerides. Around 25 percent children have two or more of these risks factors. For a child born in the US, the lifetime risk of having type 2 diabetes is 40 percent for girls and 30 percent for boys and the risk is higher for children in specific ethnic minority

Smart Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Smart Phones - Essay Example Smartphones are increasingly important in the modern consumer world, and reports have shown that up to 31% of young people in the UK have a smartphone (Agger, 2011), as well as nearly a quarter of all subscribers in the US. The market is projected to grow over 19% between 2009 and the end of 2011 (Fung, 2010). As well as a growing demand for smartphones in general, the technology that the smartphone boasts has become increasingly important, with many people desiring the best and latest technology (Agger, 2011). Many phones continually upgrade both their hardware and operating system, with larger screen size and better processors being two of the most important aspects of the modern smartphone (Fung, 2010). Smartphones typically have touchscreens, as seen in the very first smartphone (the IBM Simon) as well as the most popular Android and iOS (iPhone) models (Agger, 2011), although Blackberry and other manufacturers do continue to use the standard QWERTY keyboard (Wong, 2010). One of the most important emerging technologies in the smartphone market is the availability of GPS and related applications. The main difference between a smartphone and a computer is portability, and the benefits of this are reaped through GPS technology. GPS, or Global Positioning System, allows a user to very precisely pinpoint their location, allowing many smartphone users to double-up their phone as a satellite navigation system for their car. Another important aspect of this GPS technology is the increasing use of check-in applications such as FourSquare, which can be used to record ones location and broadcast it to friends and local users (Agger, 2011). This technology is widely open to abuse, but is increasingly popular, with around a fifth of smartphone users noting that they have checked in using this software in the past (Wong, 2011). Another important part of smartphone ownership is the use of Twitter, which broadcasts short ‘blogs’, sometimes with a location usin g GPS technology, using the same amount of characters as a standard SMS message. This is true integration of phone and internet technology. Each of the available operating systems have their own benefits and each of them varies in popularity internationally (Agger, 2011). Probably the most famous is Apple’s iOS, which runs on the various iPhones available on the market. Apple is considered to be a particularly groundbreaking and innovative company, and this is reflected in the technology displayed in their mobile phones. Google, one of the largest multinational companies in the world, is one of the more recent evolutions in software and is far more open-source than the competition (Wong, 2011). Open-source operating systems have been growing in demand in recent years (Kennedy, 2010), and Android offers software developers ample chance to develop and market applications for their phones. This is considered one of the main reasons why the Android OS is now the most popular in t he smartphone market in many countries (Wong, 2011). Symbian is the OS found on Nokia handsets, and was the market leader for some time, although it is currently

Individualism vs. Societal Norm and Acceptance Essay Example for Free

Individualism vs. Societal Norm and Acceptance Essay In the community of Salem, Massachusetts of 1692, their community is set as a theocratic society, where the church and the state come as one. Moral laws and state laws are also combined as one. Everyone is expected to live up to the established social norms. Any individual within the Puritan community whose private lives doesn’t conform to the moral laws established by the government is represented as a threat to the community and to the rule of God and true religion. In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the devil, anything that is unlawful is considered a devil’s work. Everyone in this community is expected to meet the expectations of the society, every little thing they do will be held against them. John Proctor is an example of an individualist in this society. John Proctor was unfaithful to his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, when he had committed an affair with a younger female, Abigail Williams. Committing adultery and telling lies are some examples of sinning in the Puritan community. John Proctor is breaking from the mores, beliefs and ethical codes of the Puritan community because not only does he commit adultery, but he also hides it from the community. His actions were the main cause of false accusation of witchcraft in this society. Eventually, when he realizes everyone else’s life is at risk because of him, he confesses. John proctor chose to hide his adultery because he was afraid of his reputation being ruined and having his life put at risk because he went going against the Puritan law. Another way John Proctor breaks away from the united societal norm of the Puritans is going against the court. The court is in high power in this society. At first, he lies to the court, admitting to witchcraft to save his own life, but when John proctor realizes it is wrong and a sin to the religion to tell a lie, he goes against his false confession to witchcraft. He caused contempt at court while trying to prove everyone’s innocence, but it did not go so well. John Proctor went against the Puritan law because he does not want to dishonor the innocent prisoners and he will not be able to live with himself knowing that other innocents died while he committed sins and the innocents were paying for it. The following quote said by John Proctor in Act IV, clearly shows contempt at court in the Puritans’ way of life:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!† At the end, John Proctor was hung. He was hung for his mistakes, and died without lies to his name. In a theocratic society, where the church and state comes as one, every little thing you do is held against you in the long run. Individuals in the Puritan community whose lives did not meet moral laws were considered a â€Å"witch.† In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the devil, anything that is unlawful is considered a devil’s work.

Drivers Of Business Internet Adoption Information Technology Essay

Drivers Of Business Internet Adoption Information Technology Essay E-business has introduced new opportunities within recent years for small and large organization to compete successfully in the global marketplace. Many speculators have noted that among the newest changes introduced by electronic communications is the approach of transforming and transmitting information for gaining competitive advantage by organizations in the market place. The internet has provided significant space of opportunities for many small businesses to move and build closer relationships with their new or existing customers and suppliers online to achieve customer attraction and retention. With the use of online, e-business services to both customers and suppliers has significantly reduce costs while providing new convenient ways and channel for purchase of goods and services. Through providing high-quality online services to customers, business can build and create a long lasting relationship with all stakeholders involved (chaffey, 2009) Drivers of Business internet adoption At a relatively early point in e-business adoption, a government report (DTI, 2000) identified two main categories of drivers, which is prevalent and relevant today: Cost/efficiency drivers Increasing speed with which supplies can be obtained Increasing speed with which goods can be dispatched Reduced sales and purchasing costs. Competitiveness drivers Customer demand Improving the range and quality of services offered Avoiding losing market share to businesses already using e-commerce (Chaffey, 2009). Perrott (2005) identifies four key areas driving performance, which are cost-benefits, competitive pressures, market advantage and value adding, for example improving customer satisfaction while building strong and long lasting relationship. The main business drivers for introducing e-commerce and e-business are opportunities for increased revenues and reducing costs, but many other benefits can be identified that improve customer service and corporate image (Chaffey 2009). Chaffey review the potential benefits use in identifying both tangible and intangible benefits (cost hard to calculate). Figure Tangible and intangible benefits from e-commerce and e-business (Chaffey, 2009) E-COMMERCE AND DIGITAL OPPORTUNITITES IN AFRICA Internet edition of the 2004 report on E-Commerce and Development published by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Report was intended to provide practitioners and policy-makers with information and analysis to better assess and understand the impact of the growing role of ICTs in economic development. From the report foreword by past UN Secretary General  Kofi Annan: Information and communications technologies have considerable potential to promote development and economic growth. They can foster innovation and improve productivity.  They can reduce transaction costs and make available, in mere seconds, the rich store of global knowledge. In the hands of developing countries, and especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, the use of ICTs can bring impressive gains in employment, gender equality and standards of living (ITU) (OVERVIEW OF THE ICT LANDSCAPE IN AFRICA) The latest evaluations of immerse digital opportunity across the continent of Africa is shown below. The  Digital Opportunity Index  assesses countries on eleven different indicators, organized into three clusters of Opportunity, Infrastructure and Utilization. Measurements of digital opportunity for Africa show that, in 2005, only three countries had a DOI score in excess of 0.40 (Seychelles, Mauritius and Morocco), while in 2006, seven countries had DOI scores greater than 0.40 countries includes Egypt, Algeria, South Africa and Tunisia joined with a DOI score of above 0.40 (ITU). http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/Africa_WISR07-blog1.jpg Figure Digital opportunities index (ITU, 2007) Analysis of the DOI results shows that, in Africa, digital opportunity is without a doubt mobile. Mobile lines outnumber fixed lines by 5 to 1, the ratio is even higher in sub-Saharan Africa, where 9 out of 10 subscribers use mobile.   Mobile penetration in Africa increased from 6.5 per 100 inhabitants to 13.1 per 100 inhabitants from 2003 to 2005. Africas mobile market region was considered the fastest-growing market  in the world, with averaging of 50% growth per year since 2000; fortunate growth rates that strategic investors like Orascom, Celtel,  MTN and Vodacom are profiting from (ITU) The digital penetration of Africa is going to encourage local business to embrace the opportunities of e-business and attract foreign investors to invest in Africa regions. The important of digital technology in Africa cannot be over exaggerated neither can it be underscored. SUBSAHARA AFRICA 11 African countries have Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). At least around  eleven African  countries, including Nigeria, Ghana and  South Africa, presently now have Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). These countries  now benefit from effective and efficient peering arrangements among themselves and very cheaper international connectivity and bandwidth. Nigerian Internet Exchange (NIXP)  Chief Executive Officer (CEO) said that eleven sub-Saharan  African countries presently have international Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), following the commissioning of Nigerias Internet exchange in late 2006, at about 30 million naira cost. Rudman observed, that until now, all ISPs within Nigeria have been connected to overseas countries, Which means that Africa was paying foreign carriers to exchange local [continental] traffic on their behalf. This was very costly and inefficient.  Rudman estimated costs of over US$100 million each year in Nigeria for use of unnecessary international transit or international bandwidth for national data. Rudman noted, peering with other ISPs at the exchange point, means all local internet traffic will remain local within the seven ISPs connection to NIXP and Starcomms was the first public telecom operator to connect to it (ITU). African countries with Internet exchanges include:   Botswana, Angola,  Congo DR,  Ghana,  Egypt, Kenya,  Ã‚  Nigeria,  Mozambique, Rwanda,  Tanzania, South Africa,  Uganda  and Zimbabwe. Evaluation of the digital divide In 2007 World Information Society Report, ITU included the very  latest statistics monitoring the evolution of the digital divide, with the use of a variety of statistical  techniques. The digital divide narrowed most rapidly in mobile telephony, with 1 in 2 people in the world projected to have access to a mobile phone by end of 2007. Low-income countries was found having important gains in mobile telephony (figure below), with mobile phones outnumbering fixed lines by 7 to 1 in LDCs and by as much as 9 to 1 in Sub-Saharan Africa. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/major-ICTs-small123.jpg Figure Distribution of ICT by income group of economies (ITU, 2007) The digital divide was also found narrowing in terms of Internet usage.   In 1997, almost three-quarters of worlds population living in low-income economies and lower-middle income economies was around 5% of worlds total Internet users.  In 2005, they accounted for around 32.5% or nearly about third  of all Internet users. The digital divide has evolved and gaps in access in the high-speed broadband technologies that matters most in today information economy are more marked low-income economies accounted for about 1% of total broadband subscribers worldwide, while lower-middle income economies accounted for around 20% or one fifth of the global total.   The digital is taking on new aspects in terms of speed, efficiency and the quality of access (ITU) http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/africa-graph.gif Figure Growth in Speed WISD, 17 May 2007 (ITU, 2006) SERVICE PROVIDERS CELTEL AFRICA Celtel mobile phone service provider  has expanded its roaming service offer to customers in 12 African countries. Without incurring extra costs, enabling around  half of all Africans mobile phone users to communicate across national borders Celtel roaming service is available in Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, Sudan and Malawi, as well as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Celtels roaming service extend services to a population of over 400 million people, the populations are living in an area twice as large as Western Europe.Anna Othoro, the marketing director at Celtel said. This is a feat that not even European firms have achieved .Although Celtel has not yet announces upgrade to 3G services like its major competitor Safaricom (ITU) MTN In third quarter of 2007 results, MTN Group serves over 54.1 million customers in 21 countries, making it the largest operator in the Middle East and Africa, and with over 64,000 new customers a day. MTNs South African network is the keystone of its activities, with subscribers increase of 3% to 14 million. Nigeria is other source of income for MTN, with 14.9 million customers and each spending an average of $17 a month. This represents about 7% increase in customers, as well as a healthy more than 4% rise in their spending. MTN is improving in fractures and investing heavily in Nigeria to cope with the growing demand. Middle East and North Africa region of MTN saw 36% growth in customers, with its new Iranian network winning more than 1.7 million more users. Irancell is serving over 3.7 million people and each is spending an average of $11 a month (ITU) E-business Challenges (Risk and Barriers to business adoption) E-business opportunities must be balanced against the risks of introducing e-business services, which varies from strategic risk to practical risk. An organization can make a wrong investment in e-business, which is considered strategic risk. Most business have realized the opportunity and made investment in e-business and gain a competitive advantage, but while others have invested, so much in e-business without returns (profits) either because of wrong strategic planning or wrong approach to the market. Negative attitude of the managing directors and CEOs to the business benefits of information and communication technology (Chaffey, 2009). The perception of the risks involved has limited adoption of e-business in many organizations. Figure Usage of different e-business services in European countries (Chaffey, 2009). A DTI (2002) Study evaluated some of the barriers to B2B e-commerce, which remain valid today. Reason for cost was the most important factors. This suggests the importance of managers assessing e-business to develop costs and the ongoing costs that form the total cost of ownership (TCO) against the value created from the tangible and intangible benefits (Chaffey, 2009). Figure Barriers to development of online technologies (Chaffey, 2009) BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF E-BUSINESS IN AFRICA KENYA Natural limit to the mobile market in Kenya Celtel Kenya, CEO Mr David Murray, is suggesting the possibility natural limit to the mobile market size in Kenya. Telecommunication is the fastest growing market in the world with the highest in Mobile communications segment especially Africa,but Mr. Murray warns that, in spite of the growth, Kenyas economy will not be able to accommodate more than three operators. Mobile market in Kenya is divided between Safaricom and Celtel Kenya, France Telecoms and Econet Wireless recently acquired the controlling stake in  Telkom Kenya  and about to start operations in the country. With a population of 34 million, mobile Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) is less than $10 per month (ITU) Mr Murray reckons that survival of the operators will be determined by creativity and efficiency on the marketing front, network reliability and product development. For example,  International One Network service from Celtel, the first-ever international borderless mobile network without roaming call surcharges or additional payment to receive incoming calls.   One Network service  was recently been extended to cover more twelve countries, an area equivalent twice the size of the European Union (ITU). UGADA High taxes threaten growth in Uganda An excellent study by Eria Hisali, consisting of data and statistics, researcher at Makerere University, concludes that Ugandas telecom markets high taxes threaten to choke growth. Recent study published by the  Uganda Communications Commission,  shows that recent mobile market in Ugandan is slow. Usage tax on mobile pre-paid services in Uganda is 30% (18% VAT and 12% excise duty), this is the second-highest level of  service taxes on mobile communication use  internationally, as claimed by the report.  Telecoms accounted for about 4% of  Ugandas total VAT revenues in 2000-2001, and 6.5% of VAT revenues in 2005-2006. Although,  Uganda Communications Commission latest statistics released, shows that the number of mobile subscribers is in increase, the report finds that, interestingly minutes of use is reduced significantly in both fixed line and mobile use.   More people are using mobiles, but less often and for a shorter period. Tax as a proportion of revenues for the telephone sub-sector  rose from 5.7% in 2001  to 19.6 or nearly a fifth in 2005. The Report suggests that high taxes may result in a slowdown in growth of the telecommunication industry by reducing investment in the sector. It also suggests that uniform tax rates may mean that poorer households bear a higher burden than higher-income households. The Report concludes that, if market growth  is  to continue, there is urgent need to change the current tax policy on telecommunications sector (ITU). BOWSTNA Botswana Telecommunication Authority and Orange High Court of Appeal in Botswana ruled recently that the Botswana Telecommunications Authority (BTA) should stop receiving tax revenues thier mobile phone operators from sale of voucher cards and free airtime operators offers their customers. Orange and Mascom, Botswanas two private mobile operators, have paid 3% of net turnover on quarterly basis from 2002, the beginning of private cellular phone operation in Botswana. However, the company had appealed the payment of tax on freebies or free airtime Orange occasionally offers to its customers, on the basis that it was free airtime, without profit. The High Court of Appeal ruled that Free airtime given by Orange to its customers is not an amount invoiced nor does it otherwise accrue to Orange for purposes of computation of net turnover. BTA stand a chance of refunds and  stands to lose a substantial amount of future  revenue (ITU). NIGERIA Security Nigeria has set up a movement (Nigeria Anti-Scam Network) composed of concern youths of Nigeria fighting cybercrime and spam. The Nigeria professional are interested in change to redeem Nigeria image from the bad reputation of online crime. The Network realizes that;  throughout the world, cyber crime is a very serious topic and a very contentious one at that. Many countries are losing a lot of money due to the activities of cyber 419s. Nigeria has been touted as the major breeding ground for most of these online frauds. Nigerias ranking in the corruption index have been very discouraging for the past three years and we know that this is not only as a result of Government officials corruptness, but also as a result of activities of online scammers. To be better prepared to fight these menace and bring back our lost reputation, some young Nigerian professionals started the Nigerian Anti-Scam network and have been doing extensive research on the activities of these scammers and ways of salvaging the countrys image (ITU). E-business Strategy Assessment of an organizations existing e-businesses capabilities is a starting point for the future development of their e-business strategy. The future direction and action of any company approach to achieve some specific objectives most be defined. Chaffey (2009) Defined E-business as the approach by which applications of internal and external electronic communications can support and influence corporate strategy. Google Africa As Google has become global, and it isnt neglecting Africa. Google is betting on the powerful impart the internet will bring to improve and transform business and society on the continent, even if the region remains one of the world least connected parts. Anyone in Ghana interested in buying a goat, computer, an iPad or Hummer 2011 model can now  go to Google site   and set up a link to sellers and buyers who have internet connection and SMS messages. Recently, Google hired Ory Okolloh, as its Policy Manager for Africa in a clear sign of its ambitions. In 2010, Google launched  Baraza, an interactive online space where Africans can be able to ask questions and also post answers to others. The goal of Baraza is to facilitate knowledge sharing within and outside Africa about locally relevant issues. According to Aneto Okonkwo Product Manager. Questions include everything from What is the economic impact of the tax increases in the Ghana 2011 budget? to Is it safe to take charcoal tablets during pregnancy? and Where do grasshoppers come from? Google senior official Nelson Mattos noted that any company that most succeed in Africa would have to do a good job by providing content relevant to the local market (Reuter). Google started earlier in Uganda before launching its trade service in Ghana.  Ã‚  Though internet penetration rates is very low in sub Saharan Africa, the recent launch of undersea fiber optic cables in Western Africa and East could significantly improve connectivity. The spread of mobile phones and SMS messaging motivated Google offering in Africa. It is important in raising the Bar and bringing together governments, international organizations, business, experts and civil society in focusing on leveraging Africas potential e-commerce strategic role in the global arena. It should feature innovative partnerships to sustain growth and addressing the human and infrastructure capacity constraints Africa is face with, and assessing strategies with opportunities for improving Africa investment climate.   The overviews of the ICT landscape in Africa, considers the relationship existing between ICTs and competitiveness. With reference to the latest researches, examining the changing regulatory policy in Africa landscape, providing the latest  summary statistics on service providers (operators) and markets information on various planned infrastructure initiatives shows the rate at which the private sector is forging ahead with the introduction and improvements of new technologies to grow the broadband  and mobile markets in Africa.  African  rise of strategic investors such as Celtel, Vodacom and Orascom to boast e-commerce  growth  is very impressive. Africa subscribers (WiMAX) WiMAX Counts.Com  by the end of 2007 reported that WiMAX has expanded rapidly in Africa over 2006-2007. Beginning of 2006, WiMAX subscribers numbered just a few thousand. However, by the end of 2007, Africa subscribers accounted for more than 20,000. Business was mostly customers, with 10s or 100s of internal users, in contrast to personal use. Over the years, subscriber numbers increased at an average rate of 28% per quarter, and in 2007 of 36% growth from Q2 to Q3 alone. Several new deployments took place during the second half of 2007, about 15 commercial deployments of BWA/WiMAX to the region, with a further 10 WiMAX network operators trailing and evaluating the implementation (ITU). Unavailability of traditional fixed line telecom infrastructure in Africa opened the door for big opportunities for WiMAX which provided broadband Internet rural and underserved areas that that is not possible with wired technologies. African operators are on the edge to spread the benefits of WiMAX. There is low penetration of broadband subscribers in Africa. From the 922 million inhabitants at 2006, only about 43.6 million were Internet users and around 1 million had a broadband connection. The  Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), is one of the two indices officially endorsed by the  World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)  (Geneva 2003-Tunis 2005),  can be used as a practical tool to track the changing dynamics driving the Information Society worldwide. 2005 DOI scores are sharply differentiated according to region. The region with the poorest countries in the world is Africa and it is greatly impacted by the digital divide. Americas, Europe and Asia have average DOI scores of more than 0.37 world average, while Africa has 0.20 average DOI score, mainly because of fixed line infrastructure and limited Utilization. When compared with other regions, Africa with an average regional DOI score ranked last with barely one-third that of Europe (0.55). African strong-performers regions are the Seychelles, Mauritius and North African countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt). The DOI map of Africa indicates high scores among the North African economies regions (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia). Egypt was in only country in the Top 15 gainers in the DOI, having a 32% in digital opportunity  from 2000-2005. In contrast, economies with low ranking are mostly inland, in Sub-Saharan including economies likes, Eritrea, Chad, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and Niger (ITU) Many African countries are showing impart and making progress in reducing their internal gaps. Africa as a region has the highest growth rate in mobile cellular subscribers a 66% growth rate in 2005, with Egypt, Algeria, South Africa and Nigeria accounting for about 60% of the new mobile subscribers in the region. Nigeria In 2005, alone added 9.7 million subscribers; this represents about 7% of its total population. Three-quarters of all phone connections in 19 countries in Africa are mobile phones. This shows the tendency of e-commerce and e-business development in developing countries. From the perspective of telecommunication policy, high-ranking countries have illustrated the influence of liberalization, competition in promoting opportunity for infrastructure deployment. Most North African countries, as well as South Africa and Senegal, opened their fixed mobile markets to competition and creating rapidly increasing high-speed network deployment. Competition is reducing tariffs and introducing new service packages that responded efficiently to the needs of the people. For example, In Algeria the presences of a third wireless cellular provider successfully triggered new strategies for prepaid services that was not previously offered by the incumbents providers. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/Africa11.png Figure DOI of Africa World Information Society Report 2006 (ITU, 2005)

Graphite Electrodes Production and Optimization Practices

Graphite Electrodes Production and Optimization Practices Graphite electrodes are used in both DC and AC electric arc furnaces. Companies who use electric arc furnaces have to cover the cost of these consumable electrodes during production, so optimizing the usage of graphite electrodes is a money-saving opportunity. This paper aims to discuss the production process of graphite electrodes as well as industry practices that are used to enhance the life of electrodes. To produce a graphite electrode, carbon is required. The carbon source for graphite electrodes comes from the petroleum industry as a by-product from the oil refining process. In the refining of crude oil, hydrocarbon chains are cracked in coking units and the resulting fuels are then separated as kerosene, gasoline, and diesel. As chains of hydrocarbons are being cracked in this process, pure carbon becomes deposited on the sidewalls of the coking units. The carbon on the sidewalls accumulates up to a certain point when it is the ground out of the unit. This carbon is called petroleum coke, or petcoke. This is the carbon source for graphite electrodes. After the petcoke is obtained from the oil refinery, it is blended with pitch to make a plastic-like material. (Making a UCAR ® Graphite Electrode) This blend of petcoke and pitch is then extruded through a circular die and cut off in sections. It is then baked at a temperature of above 800 degrees Celsius for a period of one to two weeks. After baking, the electrode is impregnated with more pitch to increase the density of the electrode which lowers electrical resistance and makes it stronger. The electrode is then re-baked at a slightly lower temperature to drive off volatiles found in the pitch. Finally, the electrode is heated to a temperature of about 3000 degrees Celsius to recrystallize the carbon into graphite. This final heating is called graphitization. Graphitization is very important in electrode manufacturing because it provides better mechanical strength and also improves electrical conductivity. The final step in electrode production is machining. The electrodes are machined to specific tolerances. This is especially important at the ends of the electrodes where the joints connect. (D. Klein) A good connection between joints is necessary for mechanical and electrical properties of the electrode. Electrode consumption takes on two forms: Continuous consumption and discontinuous consumption. (Richard J. Fruehan) Continuous consumption contributes 90% of total electrode consumption while discontinuous consumption only accounts for 10%. Even though discontinuous consumption accounts for far less than continuous consumption, discontinuous consumption can also account for furnace downtime which can cost a lot of money. So even though it is a small percentage, it is worthwhile to try to prevent it for the sake of productivity. In continuous consumption, the tip and sidewalls oxidize and the mass of the electrode is reduced. Tip consumption is a function of current and angle. Higher currents and steeper tip angles both yield faster oxidation rates of electrodes. (A. Lefort) Higher currents increase the temperature of the electrode which favors a faster oxidation rate. The steeper the tip angle, the closer the electrode needs to be to the steel bath to arc. Steel is more likely to splash onto the electrode if it is closer to the bath. One way to reduce the oxidation rate of electrodes is to cool them. Water cooled electrodes have been shown to reduce the oxidation rate of the sidewalls by 40% and the tip by 50%. One issue with water cooled electrodes is the flow rate of the water. If the flow rate is too high, water will pour into the furnace and increase the heat loss. The loss of heat can end up costing more than the money saved from reducing electrode consumption, so this is an important factor to conside r in this process. In discontinuous consumption, one of the most obvious techniques to prevent electrode breakage is simply to not ram the electrodes into the steel scrap. Graphite is a soft, brittle material and steel scrap is pretty hard and durable. If these two materials come head-to-head, the steel wins. Another method of discontinuous consumption is tip spalling. (A. Lefrank) This is more prevalent in DC furnaces than in AC furnaces because the DC electrodes see higher temperatures and therefore higher thermal stresses. The temperature gradient can be significant in the tip of a DC electrode and the thermal expansion of graphite can cause enough stress on the tip to break off small pieces. (J. E. Surma) Normally, the arc in a DC furnace will move about randomly, but occasionally the arc will sit in one spot, heating up that portion of the electrode tip creating thermal stresses that cause the tip to spall. Arc deflection control is a practice that has been implemented so when the arc becomes fixa ted on one spot, it will essentially â€Å"push† the arc out from that spot to get it to move about in a random fashion once more. Another practice to prevent the discontinuous consumption of electrodes is to ensure proper torque is applied when installing new electrode segments. The vibrations from the furnace and electromagnetic forces due to the flow of electricity give electrodes a good shaking. This can jostle the segments loose from their joints. This is mainly a problem in DC furnaces because AC furnaces are designed to ensure that the electromagnetic forces work to their advantage. In AC furnaces, the phase sequence is counterclockwise, so the forces on the electrodes due to the electromagnetism of the system only ever tightens the electrode joints. Below is a chart of recommended torque according to electrode diameter from SGL Carbons website and an AC furnace schematic of forces due to phase sequence. One final practice that helps prevent the failure of electrode joints is to turn off the water spray for a few minutes after the addition of another electrode segment. (Richard J. Fruehan) The temperature gradient is much steeper when the water spray operation is active. This thermal gradient can cause a problem when it reaches the joint because of the thermal expansion of graphite. Even if the electrode was tightened with the proper amount of torque, the effects of temperature on the electrode joint is enough to loosen it. This coupled with the furnace vibrations could be enough to cause the electrode joint to fail. In conclusion, graphite electrodes are an essential part of electric arc furnace steelmaking. Since they are consumable, any way to improve the life and efficiency of an electrode saves money in the steelmaking industry. Practices such as water cooling electrodes and optimizing current and tip angle are effective ways of reducing the oxidation of electrodes while taking care not to impact the scrap during melting, ensuring proper torque during installation, and turning off the water spray while adding another segment all help reduce breakage and joint failure. Works Cited: A. Lefort, M. J. Parizet, S. E. El-Fassi and M. Abbaoui. Erosion of Graphite Electrodes. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 (1993): 1239-1243. A. Lefrank, W. J. Jones, and R. G. Wetter. DC Steelmaking Conditions and Electrode Performance. Electric Furnace Conference Proceedings 53. Warrendale: Iron and Steel Society, 1995. 337-346. D. Klein, K. Wimmer. DC Electrodes A Key Factor for Progress in EAF Production. Metallurgical Plant and Technology International 18:4 (1995): 54-63. Graphite and Carbon Electrodes. 6 December 2009 . J. E. Surma, D. R. Cohn, D. L. Smatlak, P. Thomas, P. P. Woskov, C. H. Titus, J. K. Wittle, R. A. Hamilton. Graphite Electrode DC Arc Technology Development for Treatment of Buried Wastes. Waste Management 93 Symposia. Tuscon, 1993. Making a UCAR ® Graphite Electrode. 2007. 6 December 2009 . Richard J. Fruehan, Ph.D. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel 11th Edition. Richard J. Fruehan, Ph.D. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel 11th Edition. Pittsburgh: The AISE Steel Foundation, 1998. 562-574.

Who moved my cheese? Essay -- essays research papers

Who Moved My Cheese?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I agree that fear does drive me everyday. From early in the morning until I go to bed at night. I’m afraid if I stay in bed and don’t go to work, I’ll be fired. I’m afraid if I don’t pretend to like everyone at work that they won’t like me. I’m afraid that if I tell my boss what I really think of his idea, he’ll find a way to fire me. I’m afraid that if I don’t attend the parent meeting at school, they will think I’m a bad parent. These are just a few of the fears that run through my mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes I wonder what life would be like to just tell people what I really think of them, instead of staying silent because I’m afraid of what they’ll think. Sometimes I wonder who I’d be if I weren’t afraid of being something other than a wife and mother. I do what is expected of me because I fear what people will think of me. Although, I know that they can not do anything to me. I do not want them to see me on the street and whisper about something they think I’ve done wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often I have been in a group of other parents or with my friends and I have not said what I really wanted to say because I was afraid of being embarrassed. It runs through my mind, just as I’m about to say something, that the other people will think I’m stupid. Even though, I know that what they say isn’t always the brightest thing. This is why I have a difficult time with public speaking. I just know...

Macbeth - Images and Imagery :: Macbeth essays

MacbethL Imagery One of the most important tools in literature is imagery. It is not just in there to fill up paper; rather, there is at least one dramatic purpose for each image and there are many different types of imagery. This essay seeks to prove that in the play Macbeth the author William Shakespeare uses darkness imagery for three dramatic purposes. Those three purposes are, to create atmosphere, to arouse the emotions of the audience and to contribute to the major theme of the play. The darkness imagery in Macbeth contributes to its ominous atmosphere. In the very beginning of the play the three witches are talking and the first witch says "When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?" (Macbeth 1. 1. line 1). This is a good example of darkness imagery because when you think of the crashing thunder, lightning and rain, they all remind you of evil and ominous things. Later on the Sergeant is talking with Duncan and Malcolm when he states "Ship wrecking storms and direful thunders break" (1. 2. l26). Again this darkness imagery contributes to the ominous atmosphere of the play, having reference to thunder and dark storms. Finally, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are talking in the scene just before the murder of Banquo and Macbeth says "Light thickens, and the crow makes wing to the rooky wood: Good things of day begin to droop and drowse, whiles night's black agents to their preys do rouse" (3. 2. l50-53). This example of darkness imagery is saying that the day is turning into night, all the good things are going to sleep, and the evil creatures are coming out . The evil in this previous quotation and the two before adds to the ominous atmosphere. Since the imagery creates an ominous atmosphere it would then lead to the second dramatic purpose, to arouse the emotions of the audience. Darkness imagery is a very good tool for arousing the emotions of the audience. It enables people to create a mental picture of the what they are reading. For instance, in this instance of darkness imagery Duncan and Macbeth were talking when Macbeth says aside "Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires" (1. 4. l50-51). When words like dark and desire are put in that context it creates many horrible mental pictures about murders and fights which arouses peoples emotions. Ross is later talking with an old man when he states "By the clock `tis day, and yet dark night strangles the traveling lamp" (2.

Police and Gratuities: The Slippery Slope Essay examples -- Ethics, L

Gratuity Something given voluntarily or beyond obligation usually for some service. (Dictionary, 2010) When does a cup of coffee become a gratuity for a police officer? What is acceptable and what is not acceptable? If a police officer takes a free cup of coffee or a half priced meal does that make him vulnerable to take more. Does that act make the officer a bad officer or a corrupt officer? Does the person giving the gratuity expect something in return or is it just a gesture for the work the officer is doing? Almost every police department has a policy on the acceptance of gifts and gratuities for the officers and the department. Some police departments allow no gifts or gratuities and some may have a policy that states as long as one person is not the recipient and it is available to the whole department then it is acceptable. How does a police department come up with a policy the does not create animosity toward the department from the public that wants to give to them for the services that they provide with no strings attached. You have some business that want to give money to a police department that needs to buy equipment for the officer on the street. Do you tell the business person that you can’t accept the money and that the officer will have to do the best that they can. No, I think when it comes to a safety issue and the gift is not for just one person the department will come out in the good end. Agencies can develop a gratuity policy by seeking the help of many officers and local business owners and by reviewing established policies in other jurisdictions. Such a policy should tie directly with modern law enforcement's strict code of ethics regarding financial gains or rewards. (Sewell, 2007) The slippery... ...cal issue? The caliber of officers that are coming out of the police academies these days are top notch and most police departments have the safe guards in place to keep officers from sliding down the slippery slope that would damage the confidence that the public has in the department. In the end gratuities, gifts and corruption will be a part of the police world as it has been from the beginning of the police community. It is incumbent upon the officers and the administration to keep the checks and balances in place so as not to damage the imagine of the police department and the city. Works Cited Dictionary, M.-W. O. (2010, June 16). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Kleinig, J. (1996). The Ethics of Policing . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ). Sewell, C. (2007, Apri). Gratuities. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 76(4) , pp. 8-12.

First Confession

By Frank O'Connor I'm very attracted with the first person in this story named Jackie. This is a story about Jackie's experience of his first confession. Jackie always thought the terrible things about confession like the angry priest, a lot of sins he made, the sinner who would burned the furniture, etc, but the fact that he passed the first confession successfully. I think Jackie have the same bewilderment with me about first confession. I don't have background knowledge of the story and also do not know ome terms like Confession in the Church or Three Hail Marys.Because of Jackie's story, I could imagine the situation since Jackie was also experienced it at the first time. Moreover, I can understand the rites and practices of the Catholic religion. In this story, Jackie hated her grandmother and sister so much and wanted to kill them. I'm sure Jackie would not truly do that as he was only a eight-year-old child who still couldn't control his emotional feeling. Actually, it's becau se of the bad behaviors of them. His grandmother should be a good example for him but she always drunk and ever gave pennies to him but to his sister, Nora.It was good that Jackie was not influenced with his grandmother behavior, he thought that it was an awful instead. Usually a child will follow what adult does but Jackie was different, he was precisely mortified to follow the wrong one. He also realized that his wish for killing her grandmother and sister were wrong. Then, I think that Jackie was very honest and courageous. Although he was scared to death of confession, he told his sins truthfully to the priest. Some of us maybe will remain to silent about our sins or even denied it, n the contrary Jackie told everything.At first I thought he would not have courage to confess because of the threats from her sister who claimed being a sinner would get punishment not treatment. A bad confession story from Mrs. Ryan that made shocking impression on him also could make him denied his sins. But Jackie was one of a kind; his honest confession made the priest amazed and so did l. Jackie honesty and braveness made the priest gave him Three Hail Marys even the priest came out of the church with Jackie that he'd never done to Nora. First Confession Alexandro Ramirez English 1302 Professor Robin Russell 4/12/13 Critical Essay #1 â€Å"First Confession† At the beginning of the story, O’Connor, in the short story, â€Å"First Confession†, may use the all-knowing or omniscient point of view. He describes to choose any act of the character and any thought of the character, and he tells the goodness and the bad side of the character. Instead the story is written in first person point of view. The narrator in this story is also the main character, or protagonist.This way the reader is allow to the see the world in the eyes of Jackie, and his point of view about his grandmother, Nora, and Mrs. Ryan, and women itself. Jackie does not stand her grandmother at all, he relates her as the source of his entire problems, â€Å"and all because of that old woman! † Even thou his grandmother lives with him, because of the dead of his grandfather, he was actually afraid of her, he had to make excuses to his friend so h e won’t go inside his house to play because, â€Å"because I could never be sure what she would be up to. He also is disgusted by the woman’s love of porter beer, her inclination to eat potatoes with her hands, â€Å"she had a jug of porter and a pot of potatoes with-some-times-a bit of salt fish, and she poured out the potatoes on the table and ate them slowly, with great relish, using her fingers by way of a fork,† and of course favoring Nora, â€Å"she knew Mother saw through her, so she sided with Gran. † Nora his old sister was a pain to Jackie, she often was picking on him, and got him into trouble, â€Å"Oh, Dadda, do you know what Jackie did at dinnertime? Then, of course, it all came out; Father gave me a flaking; Mother interfered, and for days after that he didn't speak to me and Mother barely spoke to Nora. † Even thou Jackie is really nervous and afraid for his first confession, because he doesn’t want to tell the priest he wan ted to kill his grandmother, Nora instead of supporting him, she was playing with this mind, â€Å"She held my hand as we went down the hill, smiling sadly and saying how sorry she was for me, as if she were bringing me to the ospital for an operation. † Also before arriving to the chapel, Jackie confesses horrible things that Nora does to him that we will never know of or his mother, â€Å"that girl had ways of tormenting me that Mother never knew of. † An old woman called Mrs. Ryan is teaching Jackie and his class mates about the Ten Commandments and hell. She tells the class the story of a man who made a bad confession which was not telling the truth to the priest and whose hands burnt the bed of a priest. Jackie thinks Mrs.Ryan is trying to frighten the children into being good or they will burn in hell for eternity, â€Å"Then she asked were we afraid of holding one finger-only one finger! † Also she is trying to make sure that they don’t tell the pr iest a bad confession, â€Å"hell had the first place in her heart. † To tell a bad confession in Jackie’s eyes means dying and burning in hell. Jackie  doesn’t  want to make a bad confession but knows that he will because he  doesn’t  think he’ll be able to tell the priest that he wants to kill his grandmother.The day the class is to make their confession Jackie pretends that he has a toothache so that he can avoid confession, because Mrs. Ryan gets wind of his absence and makes arrangements so that Jackie can go to confession he was literary scared to death, â€Å"I was scared to death of confession,† the following Saturday and still be able to attend his first communion. Jackie does not see women with good eyes, in fact he thinks they are bad people because of the way they treat him, â€Å"girls are supposed to be fastidious. Also in this short story we are able to see three great examples for this. First his grandmother, which h e thinks it’s all her fault and an ugly woman who doesn’t know how to act in town, â€Å"unsuited to the life in town. † Nora another great example who is a bad big sister, who only plays with his mind and doesn’t see the suffering of his young brother. Lastly Mrs. Ryan a woman who tries to scare him, â€Å"new half-crown, and offered it to the first boy who would hold one finger, only one finger! in the flame for five minutes. † With this Firs Point of View we could actually feel Jackie’s feelings and intention to why he portraits women, or in this case this three women like that. A third person point of view, would help much at understanding Jackie, but the author choose wisely and now the reader can conclude all of the ideas portrait on this short story, and also we can be on Jackie’s shoes and know the true story behind it.

Economy and Global Warming Essay

The globular melt is viewed as dangerous surgical operation non only agree to the environmental issues. straightway it is often viewed in regards with its allude on the economy. Recently it was claimed that the agitate magnitude of the rate of planetary calefacient led to the higher handicap be. Among the pregnant tasks of the stintings of orbicular thawing is regard of the economic be of beingness-wide melt, their evaluation and distribution as swell as evaluation of the cost of the actions, which argon devised for fighting the spherical heating passage.In this process economists rely on the entropy obtained from the moment of sources. The forward-lookingest findings and current data be treated at a number of yearly conferences and meetings. In April 2007 on that point was an Interg everyplacenmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conference. Representatives of over long hundred nations were present there is order to discuss the ways of easing of the world-wide stir process as well as economic and societal costs of these actions. As the result of the conference there was an citation of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.The master(prenominal) fancy of this report is that realizes of relief of international melt ar worth all the temperance costs incorporated in this process (Coleman, 2007). Economic reachs of global heating world-class off of all Id kindred to set the discussion and explain why the caput of the global warming is so topical for the economists. During the last few decades there were a number of seekes focusing on the economic damage of the global warming. As the result of these researches there appe ard a number of reports on the aggregate net economic costs of remediation ca utilised by the global warming and the mode channel.These costs argon usually defined in legal injury of the social cost of cytosine (SCC), which butt end be defined as the estimation of the future expenses of the world economies caused by the global warming from carbon dioxide processions, which are through in the present. Thus, according to numerous reports SCC in 2005 was appraisald as US$ 43 per element 109 of carbon (tC) (IPCC Summary for policymakers, 2007) Very semiprecious judgement of the square off of global warming on the economy was provided by prof Robert O. Mendelsohn of Yale School of Forestry and surroundal Studies in Copenhagen Consensus A series of studies on the refers of humour change have systematically shown that the older literary works overestimated temper damages by helplessness to al mortified for adaptation and for humour benefits. These new studies imply that impacts bet heavily upon initial temperatures (latitude). Countries in the polar region are handlely to receive large benefits from warming, countries in the mid-latitudes go away at outset benefit and only begin to be harmed if temperatures face lifting above 2. 5C. Only countries in the tr opic and subtropical regions are likely to be harmed immediately by warming and be subject to the magnitudes of impacts first idea likely.Summing these regional impacts across the globe implies that warming benefits and damages leave likely offset separately an some other(prenominal) until warming passes 2. 5C and even past it result be far little on net than originally thought (Mendelson, 2007). Valuable findings were presented in the report of foreman Economist and Senior Vice-President of the World depose Nicholas quartern known as The the skinny check published in 2006. In this repost Nicolas Stern claims that if no actions are undertaken temper change ordain introduce a very proscribely charged captivate on economic branch (Peston, 2006).According to Sterns findings there is a doable action of recession up 20 % of global GDP in case no mitigation of global warming is undertaken. In order to be able to check this nations should meat their forces for the s ake of commit 1 % of global GDP for fighting the negative impact of global warming process (Stern, 2007). woo estimates According to IPCC TAR (Synthesis Report) yearbook mitigation costs double from $78 billion to $1141 billion, which crap from 0. 2 % up to 3. 5 % of present-day world GDP.However, the researchers in addition realize that around nations of the world are unable to pass to the mitigation of global warming collectable to the low level of their economic development. If the burden of mitigation is put only on more than economically-powerful nations, they should donate well-nigh 0. 3 % 4. 5 % of their GDP. This per centum is high, however, as the researchers put in referable to the incessant economic growth of the world economies, this office go away decrease with time. unrivaled more estimation was done in toll of cost per tonne of carbon expelling avoided, which is said to be from $ 18 to $ 80 (House of noblemans, 2005).The mitigation costs are ev ery(prenominal) realms impact. Moreover, according to Lord Peter Levene, chairman of Lloyds of London, it is inwrought that every company should include in its venture analysis the threat of climate change (Business Insurance, 2007). Benefits Numerous researchers tried to estimate the cost of the benefits from the mitigation of global warming. Thus, according to the report of Nordhaus and Boyer based on the Kyoto protocol the benefits from mitigation for world economies would draw approximately $ 120 billion. However, this benefit is not sure by all researchers.McKibbin and Wilcoxen for example state that there cost benefits are as well as low. They state that in spite of the event that other studies reach similar conclusions, the emissions targets agree in the Kyoto communications protocol are inconsistent with economic rationality. In this idea they stick up the other researcher Tol, who has the alike viewpoint ( McKibbin & Wilcoxen, 2002). On the contrary to the find ings of the Kyoto communications protocol, the estimates of benefits as verbalize in Stern Review are much higher and constitute approximately 5 up to 20 % of GDP.The digression is of course very considerable. However, it was stated that benefits depend on the number of incidentors. Among the or so necessary of these factors are the discount rate, the use of welfare weighting for positive make up ones mind on poor nations of the world, a great emphasis on the negative impact on the natural environment and the diligence of the newest scientific estimates of this negative influence (Stern, 2007). However, it should be mentioned that the benefits of the mitigation actions are not limit solely to environmental improvement.They have a number of other concealed benefits, which depend on the application of definite technologies. For example, in case the technologies aiming at the reduction of vegetable oil color use are applied, this will produce great benefits for the country e conomy due to the lower influence of oil expenditure rises on the economy. This is a very precious benefit for a number of countries, which are currently importing oil and acquire great economic losses from oil price rises (IPCC Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). One more concealed benefit of mitigation actions is connected with the problem of deforestation.Once it is stopped, this will produce considerable benefits due to the increase of biodiversity, tourism promotion, benefits for indigenous people, greater possibilities for research and even in some cases this could have notes otherwise spent on protective actions against extreme weather events (Stern, 2007). best strategies for mitigation One of the most essential questions is the relation to the topic of mitigation of the negative impact of global warming on the world economy is the question of the possible strategies, which potbelly be applied in this process.It was estimated that definite fiscal and technological strat egies could be the best for the elimination of the harmful impact of greenhouse accelerator on the environment. Among these financial and technological strategies Id like to name the following ones Trading of carbon emissions Application of the carbon tax burst regulation technologies Application of the hybrid systems of exploiter and permits fees Improvement of goose egg efficiency culture of nuclear power and renewable energy sectors aiming at decrease of carbon emission (Board on Natural Disasters, 1999).It was stated in numerous researches that these actions, especially is taken in combination, will produce the greatest influence on the mitigation of the global warming and climate change and thus will be honorable for the world economies. Cost distribution One more question under discussion is the distribution of costs associated with fighting global warming. It is obvious that the costs and benefits cannot be distributed evenly. Mitigation costs are distributed unevenly b oth between the countries and inwardly each particular country.This differentiation is greatly due to the existence of the following factors low-lying countries have a greater risk of floods, so they are more touch with the issues of the global warming and its mitigation is more beneficial for them other countries, which are oddly at risk of the negative impact of global warming are African countries, which is greatly due to the increased drought typical for these areas. Definitely, mitigation of climate change and global warming is extremely beneficial for them, however, they are unable to contribute a lot to the mitigation actions due to the low economical development poor countries contribute less to mitigation actions but due to the low level of technologies and science they are the main ones who emit greenhouse gasses and clog the environment (Peston, 2006).Inter-relationships It is obvious that fighting global warming and climate change should be a concern of all countr ies of the world and they should join their forces and distribute expenses associated with this more or less evenly. Bastianoni claims that there exists great difference in methodologies applied for the defining the righteousness of each country for greenhouse gas emissions.In this respect Id like to name the following the geographic approach, which is based on the IPCC guidelines for GHG inventory the consumer state approach, which is grounded on the Ecological Footprint methodology the Carbon Emission Added (CEA) approach, which has much in common with the Value Added Tax be (Bastianoni, 2004). Due to this differentiation in methodologies we can observe great difference in application of the responsibility of each country for emissions of greenhouse gasses, which has a consequent influence on the design of the policy of mitigation.Reports on Economy and Global heat In regards with the actions of the world community aimed at the mitigation of the global warming Id like to n ame two major reports, defining possible losses from the climate change and benefits of mitigation of global warming as well as regulating economic policies aiming at fighting these processes. The first report under discussion is the Kyoto protocol. This is an agreement, which was do during the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The main idea of the Kyoto protocol is the actions aimed conducted by the countries, which aim at the reduction of emission of carbon dioxide and other five gases contributing to the global warming, and interest in trading of emissions (Buonanno, Carraro & Galeotti, 2003). The Kyoto protocol is amiably international. Now it joins over 170 countries, which constitute 60 % of all countries, all over the world in common concern of mitigation global warming and climate change.Till November 2007 only the US, Australia and Kazakhstan did not join this process and did not ratify the act. The Kyoto Protocol is a long-time plan, whi ch is in valid till the end of 2012. However, it doesnt mean that the actions, started by this treaty will end after 2012. Most likely the Kyoto Protocol policies will be continued through some other treaty (Malakunas, 2007). United Nations Environment Program explained the main essence and policies of the Kyoto Protocol in the press release The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5. 2 % compared to the year 1990 (but note that, compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this limitation represents a 29 % cut). The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, nitric oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs calculated as an fair(a) over the five-year period of 2008-12.National limitations range from 8 % reductions for the European Union and some others to 7 % for the US, 6 % for Japan, 0 % for Russia, an d permitted increases of 8 % for Australia and 10 % for Iceland (Crichton, 2003). Of course, as any other policy The Kyoto Protocol has its supporters and critics. Support The main idea of the supporters of the Kyoto Protocol is that it is very important for the whole world due to the fact that it is aimed at the establishment of the policies and actions mitigating global warming and fighting climate change.Of course the main supporters of the protocol are the governments of the countries, who signed it with the European Union being the most bombastic and active supporter. Among the other actions, which show the deference to the main ideas of the Kyoto Protocol, is the claim of several Canadian corporations, which also reported their support of the mitigation of global warming and stated that the Kyoto Protocol would be only a first step in this process (Global Warming What is it? , 2007) Opposition However, the Kyoto Protocol has also increase a wave of opposition.The first ste m of critics maintains the critical idea towards the existence of the global warming and climate change processes at all. The believe that the Kyoto Protocol was design only for the sake of making the process of money shift to the third world easier and point that with useless spending of money will slow the economic and technological growth of the powerful countries of the world, who will try to lap the problem which never existed instead of investing money to the development of their economies (Lockwood & Frohlich, 2007).The other critics support the necessity of the actions for mitigation of global warming, however, they any believe that the expenses will outweigh the benefits or consider that goals established by the Kyoto Protocol are unattainable and far as well as optimistic and wont change the situation with the global warming and climate change considerably (Houghton, Ding, Griggs, 2001).